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PHILIPPINES
The Decline
of Spanish Rule
November 9, 1774: Filipino natives are permitted to enter the Catholic
priesthood.
June 6, 1808: Joseph Bonaparte becomes the king of Spain after being
installed by his brother, Napoleon Bonaparte, the emperor of France.
September 16, 1810: Mexico declares independence from Spain and the war
for independence begins.
March 19, 1812: The Spanish Cortes adopts the 1812 Constitution (also
known as the Cadiz Constitution as the Cortes was holding its session
in the City of Cadiz). The constitution is liberal and all citizens of
Spain, including all natives of colonies and overseas territories are
given equal rights and representation in the Cortes.
September 24, 1812: The first Philippine delegates to the Spanish
Cortes take their oath of office in Madrid.
October, 1813: Napoleon and the French are defeated in the Battle of
Nations. Napoleonic forces are driven out of Spain.
December 11, 1813: Ferdinand VII is recognised as the king of Spain.
1815: The galleon trade with Mexico comes to an end.
May 24, 1816: A conservative Spanish Cortes rejects the Cadiz
Constitution and repeals all liberties, equality and representation it
gave to Filipinos.
September 27, 1821: Spain officially recognises the independence of
Mexico. The Philippines must now be governed directly from Madrid.
September 6, 1834: Spain opens Philippine ports to international free
trade. The commercialisation of Philippine agriculture begins and
results in economic expansion.
1839: Apolinario de la Cruz (also known as Hermano Pule) is refused
entry to a monastic order in Manila as he is a native Filipino.
June, 1840: Apolinario de la Cruz forms the Cofradia de San Jose
(Confraternity of St. Joseph), a Filipino-only Christian brotherhood.
The Spanish authorities condemn the brotherhood as heresy and outlaw it.
October 23, 1841: The Cofradia de San Jose is forced to confront
Spanish forces on the grounds of religious freedom.
November 1, 1841: The Cofradia de San Jose is crushed by Spanish
forces. Apolinario de la Cruz escapes initially is but later captured.
November 4, 1841: Apolinario de la Cruz is executed by firing squad.
1863: The Spanish government concedes to the increasing demand of
educational reform. Originally, the religious orders excluded the
teaching of foreign languages, scientific and technical subjects from
their curricula. The wealthier Filipinos send their children to Spain
for education.
1868: A liberal revolution breaks out in Spain and Queen Isabella II is
deposed.
1869: The new Spanish government promulgate the liberal constitution of
1869. General Carlos Maria de la Torre, a liberal governor is appointed
to the Philippines. He abolishes censorship and extends to Filipinos
the rights of free speech and assembly contained in the new Spanish
constitution.
April 4, 1871: Rafael de Izquierdo replaces de la Torre and promptly
rescinds the liberal measures.
January 20, 1872: In Cavite, 200 Filipino recruits revolt and murder
their Spanish officers. The Spanish suppress the revolt brutally and
use the opportunity to implicate the liberal critics of Spanish
authority in an imaginary wider conspiracy. Many liberals are arrested
or driven into exile.
February 17, 1872: The reformist Fathers Jose Burgos, Mariano Gomez and
Jacinto Zamora are publicly executed as part of the crack-down against
liberal critics of Spanish authority. The priests are made martyrs for
the nationalist cause.
March 3, 1882: Jose Rizal leaves Manila to continue his studies in
medicine in Barcelona, Spain.
June 2, 1882: Rizal begins writing Noli Me Tangere in Madrid.
May 29, 1887: Noli Me Tangere is published in Spain.
October, 1887: Rizal begins writing El Filibusterismo.
December 13, 1888: Filipinos in Barcelona organise La Solidaridad which
demands equality, freedom and representation for Filipinos.
March 28, 1891: Rizal finishes El Filibusterismo.
July 3, 1892: Back in Manila, Rizal organises La Liga Filipina which is
a peaceful reformist movement.
July 7, 1892: Rizal is arrested for forming La Liga Filipina. Andres
Bonifacio establishes Kataastaasan Kagalanggalangang Katipunan ng Mga
Anak ng Bayan (Highest and Most Respected Association of the Sons of
the Country), also known by it initials, KKK or Katipunan. The aim of
the Katipunan is to overthrow Spanish rule in the Philippines.
July 17, 1892: Rizal is exiled to Dapitan in Mindanao.
August 6, 1896: Rizal returns to Manila after his services as a
physician have been requested for the Spanish army in Cuba. Cuba is
currently having its own revolution for independence from Spain.
August 19, 1896: A talkative Katipunero, Teodor Patino tells his sister
and a nun at an orphanage about the Katipunan and their aim to
overthrow Spanish rule. The nun convinces him to confess everything to
Father Mariano Gil, who in turn discloses the existence of the
Katipunan to the Spanish authorities. The Spanish begin making hundreds
of arrests. Many Katipuneros flee to Balintawak to escape arrest.
August 22, 1896: Around 500 Katipuneros leave Balintawak and make their
way to Pugadlawin.
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